Z8000 C cross compiler and assembler for the Olivetti M20 running PCOS

Table of Contents


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1 Introduction

This manual contains documentation for a Z8000 C and assembler development toolchain targetting the Olivetti M20 personal computer running the PCOS operating system.

The M20 was a Z8001 based personal computer sold by Olivetti during the early eighties. It had 128kB to 512kB of RAM, monochrome or color (4 or 8 colors) displays, one or two 5.25” floppy drives, and optionally a hard drive. See Davide Bucci's excellent web page at http://www.z80ne.com/m20/index.php for more information about the M20.

The toolchain is based on a Z8000 port of the GNU C compiler (the one which comes with the eCos tools1), the GNU binutils2, and newlib3.

This document describes the January 19, 2009 release of the tools.

Please note this disclaimer:
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more details.

This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.

--- The Detailed Node Listing ---

Getting and installing the toolchain

The C compiler

Overview

The C runtime library

The assembler

Mixing C and assembly

Z8001

ldpcos - the PCOS linker

Examples

Assembler version of ``Hello World''

Building from source

Compiler and Assembler

Building for PCOS

Debugger

Suggested Readings


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2 Getting and installing the toolchain


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2.1 Getting the toolchain

The main distribution site is
ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/misc/z8kgcc.

Source code and precompiled versions for selected architectures are provided.


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2.2 Installing the toolchain

Tarballs with precompiled versions for Linux/x864, MacOS-X 10.5 (ppc and x86)5, FreeBSD/x866 or NetBSD/ppc7 are available.

Extract the tarball into the root directory of your system. It will create a directory hierarchy under /opt/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009. Add /opt/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009/bin to your PATH environment variable, e.g. with these commands at the shell:

  $ PATH=/opt/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009/bin:$PATH
  $ export PATH


That's all. Now you can invoke e.g. the C compiler with z8k-pcos-gcc.

If you need to build from source (probably because you use a different operating system than the ones where precompiled versions are available, or you want to make changes to the source code), you'll need to build the toolchain from source. Please refer to Building from source of this manual.


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2.3 Upgrading

Older versions had installed, and newer versions will install, into a different directory than /opt/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009. Typically it will be a directory like /opt/z8kgcc-<date-of-release>. Therefore it's possible to have different versions installed on the system at the same time. This is true for the precompiled versions. If you build from source you can place the installations at any location you like.
Select the version you want to use by putting its bin directory in the PATH environment variable as described above.
Alternatively you can execute the version you want by invoking it with its absolute path, like

  $ /opt/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009/bin/z8k-pcos-gcc <parameters>

This way you can quickly switch between versions.


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3 The C compiler

This chapter describes the C compiler.


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3.1 Overview

The precompiled releases come with 2 compilers, z8k-pcos-gcc and z8k-coff-gcc. The former creates executable files ready to run under PCOS, while the latter creates COFF8 files which can be run under a simulator (z8k-coff-run).
This simulator is a generic Z8000 CPU simulator, it doesn't know about M20 specifics.

Object files and library files (*.o and *.a) and the executables created by z8k-coff-gcc are in COFF format. When building a PCOS program, the PCOS linker (ldpcos - the PCOS linker) constructs a PCOS execuable out of the COFF input files.


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3.1.1 Included Tools

Here's an overview over the tools included in the release:

gcov
Coverage testing tool (untested).
ldpcos
PCOS linker, see ldpcos - the PCOS linker.
m20stub.sav
GDB debugging stub to be run on the M20
protoize
unprotoize
Automatically add or remove function prototypes.
z8k-coff-addr2line
z8k-pcos-addr2line
Convert addresses into file names and line numbers.
z8k-coff-ar
z8k-pcos-ar
Tool to create and manipulate libraries (a.k.a. archive files).
z8k-coff-as
z8k-pcos-as
The assembler.
z8k-coff-c++
z8k-pcos-c++
z8k-coff-c++filt
z8k-pcos-c++filt
z8k-coff-g++
z8k-pcos-g++
C++ compiler and symbol demangler (c++filt). They are built as part of the build process, but aren't tested and probably don't work.
z8k-coff-gcc
z8k-pcos-gcc
The C compilers for COFF and PCOS.
z8k-coff-gdb
z8k-pcos-gdb
Debugger, see (The debugger).
z8k-coff-gprof
z8k-pcos-gprof
Display call graph profile data (untested).
z8k-coff-ld
z8k-pcos-ld
COFF linker.
z8k-coff-nm
z8k-pcos-nm
Lists symbols from object files.
z8k-coff-objcopy
z8k-pcos-objcopy
Copy object files.
z8k-coff-objdump
z8k-pcos-objdump
Display information from object files.
z8k-coff-ranlib
z8k-pcos-ranlib
Generate archive (*.a files) index.
z8k-coff-readelf
z8k-pcos-readelf
Displays information about ELF files.
z8k-coff-run
z8k-pcos-run
Simulator.
z8k-coff-size
z8k-pcos-size
List sections sizes of object files.
z8k-coff-strings
z8k-pcos-strings
Print the strings of printable characters in files.
z8k-coff-strip
z8k-pcos-strip
Discard symbols from object files.


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3.2 Basic usage

If you followed the instructions in Installing the toolchain, you can invoke the C compiler by issuing z8k-pcos-gcc at the command prompt.

Let's do a simple example, like this little C program, hello.c:

  #include <stdio.h>
  
  int main(void)
  {
          printf("Hello from the M20!\n");
          return 0;
  }


Compile it with z8k-pcos-gcc -o hello.cmd hello.c:

  $ z8k-pcos-gcc -o hello.cmd hello.c
  $ ls -l hello.cmd
  -rw-r--r-- 1 chris chris 16209 Mar  5 23:01 hello.cmd
  $


hello.cmd is the executable generated by the compiler. You'll need to transfer it to the M20 in order to run it. See http://www.z80ne.com/m20/index.php?argument=sections/transfer/transfer.inc for ways to transfer the program to the M20.


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3.3 Compiler Switches

The compiler is an rather old version of gcc (2.9). It was never an official release from the FSF9, but came with the eCos tools from Cygnus Solutions10.
You can refer to gcc documentation about the available command line switches. For example, refer to /opt/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009/man/man1/z8k-pcos-gcc.111 for an exhaustive list of command line switches.
Here's an overview of some useful switches when compiling for the Z8000:

-O
-O1
-O2
Optimize for speed. -O1 optimizes more and -O2 optimizes even more.
-Os
Optimize for size.
-o output file
Name of output file.
-c
Compile only, don't link.
-S
Create assembler output file instead of object file or executable.
-mstd
Use “standard call” calling convention for functions. This generates larger code and is slower than the default. It's used primarily for debugging with the simulator.
“Standard call” means passing all parameters to functions over the stack instead of using registers as much as possible.
-mz8001
Generate code for segmented mode (only available on the Z8001, pointers are 32 bits, 23 bits of them are actually used). This is the default for z8k-pcos-gcc.
-mz8002
Generate code for non-segmented mode (available both on the Z8001 and the Z8002, pointers are 16 bits). This is the default for z8k-coff-gcc. The PCOS runtime library does not support non-segmented mode.
-mint16
Integers (int type) are 16 bits. This is the default.
-mint32
Integers (int type) are 32 bits. Don't use it. It's not supported by the runtime library.
-Wl,linker options
Pass linker options, separated by commas, to the linker.
E.g. -Wl,-stack,0x1000,-multi
-Wno-cpg
Disable CPG warnings. See CPG warnings.


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3.4 CPG warnings

“CPG” are my initials.
I've fixed some problems in the compiler where I'm not 100% sure that they are correct. (I'm not really a gcc hacker.) Therefore, in order to keep users from trying to fix bugs in their programs which in fact might be introduced by my gcc changes, the compiler issues warnings when these changes are used.

These warnings look something like

  <source_file>:<linenum>:warning: cpg machine description change #num is being used, program may not work (disable warning with '-Wno-cpg')


num is in the range 1..4, and indicates which change was utilized. If you encounter such a warning and your program doesn't work, please contact me12, provide your program and I'll check whether your program's defect comes from my compiler changes.

In order to get rid of the warning, use the -Wno-cpg command line switch.


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3.5 Predefined macros

The compiler predefines a “__Z8000__” macro. Depending on the compilation target (segmented or non-segmented) it also defines a “__Z8001__” or “__Z8002__” macro. With these macros the program's source code can adapt to different machines, e.g.

  void function(void)
  {
  #ifdef __Z8000__
         ...  /* do some Z8000 specific stuff */
  #else
         ...  /* do other stuff when not compiling for Z8000 */
  #endif
  }


If you compile with the -mstd switch, the macro __STD_CALL__ is predefined.

Hint: In order to see all predefined macros of the compiler, issue the command “z8k-pcos-gcc -E -dM - < /dev/null”. You can add additional command line arguments like -mstd, -mz8002, or -mint32 in order to see the effect of these switches to the macros.

Currently there is no predefined macro to distinguish between compilation for plain Z8000 (for COFF with z8k-coff-gcc) and the M20 (for PCOS with z8k-pcos-gcc).


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3.6 Inline assembly

A basic introduction to gcc inline assembly can be found at e.g. http://www.ibiblio.org/gferg/ldp/GCC-Inline-Assembly-HOWTO.html. The explanation there is x86 specific, but the basic syntax is the same as for the Z8000. One can specify the assembler code, a list of output operands, a list of input operands, and a clobber list. The clobber list is the list of registers whose values are modified by the assembler code.

Basic syntax:

  __asm__ ( "assembler code"
            : output operands                  /* optional */
            : input operands                   /* optional */
            : list of clobbered registers      /* optional */
            );


The following operand modifiers are available with the Z8000 port:

X
stack pointer name

Registers:
Q
byte sized register name
U
high byte of word register
V
low byte of word register
H
word register name
I
next word register name
S
B
long register name
T
next long register name
D
quad register name
P
register name in size of pointer

Integers:
O
log two of value
P
inverted log two
H
bottom 16 bits
I
top 16 bits
N
negative
B
high 32 bits of 32bit number

Memory:
I
adjusted upwards by two
T
adjusted upwards by four

Address:
H
low 16 bits
I
high 16 bits
A
as long constant
S
same as A but with #

Misc:
C
conditional name
D
reverse conditional name
F
clear v flag if necessary


Here's a simple example of a function which reads a byte from an I/O port by means of the inb opcode:
  unsigned char in(unsigned int portaddr)
  {
      unsigned char retval;
  
      __asm__ volatile (
          "inb %Q0,@%H1 \n\t" : "=r" (retval) : "r" (portaddr));
  
      return retval;
  }


In this example the Q and H modifiers are used to specify the sizes of the register operands.

The volatile keyword is in fact not needed here, but is included anyway to show it's use. It prevents the compiler to remove the __asm__ statement when optimizing because it doesn't change anything the compiler knows about. In this example we have an output value (retval) which is used afterwards, therefore the assembler code cannot be skipped. But in other cases, where there is no output from the assembler (think a delay loop), volatile is required.

In Examples there are some programs which demonstrate the usage of the inline assembler.

Hint: If you want to know how the registers are assigned for an inline assembly block, compile the C program with the -S parameter and look at the generated assembly code to check the register assignments.


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4 The C runtime library

This chapter describes the PCOS runtime library of z8k-pcos-gcc. The z8k-coff-gcc runtime library is an unmodified version of newlib13. The PCOS runtime library implements most functions of newlib with the notably exception of opendir, readdir, and closedir. The disk directory can nevertheless be accessed by using native PCOS functions14.
In order to use the functions and defines described in this chapter, the header file sys/pcos.h has to be included in the C file. This header file is located at <instdir>/z8k-pcos/include/sys/pcos.h. Refer to Building GNU toolchain for an explanation of <instdir>.


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4.1 Floating Point

The C compiler itself does support floating point variables (float and double), but the printf and scanf function families of the runtime library don't support them. You can still print the integer part of a floating point variable by casting it to an int:

  float f = 123.123;
  printf("value of f: %d\n", (int)f);


This results in the following output:

  value of f: 123


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4.2 PCOS system functions

The runtime library provides access to most of the PCOS system functions. See chapter 8 (“THE M20 SYSTEM CALLS”) of the PCOS assembler language user guide (ASSEMBLER Language User Guide) for a description of the PCOS system functions and PCOS programming environment.

sys/pcos.h has to be included in order to get access to the definitions of the system functions.

List of supported PCOS functions:

int _pcos_dgetlen(int did, unsigned long *length);
int _pcos_dgetposition(int did, unsigned long *length);
int _pcos_dseek(int did, unsigned long offset);
int _pcos_resetbyte(int did);
int _pcos_eof(int did, unsigned int *status);
int _pcos_putbyte(int did, unsigned char byte);
int _pcos_getbyte(int did, unsigned char *byte);
int _pcos_writebytes(int did, const void *buffer,
                     unsigned int nbytes, unsigned int *retbytes);
int _pcos_readbytes(int did, const void *buffer,
                    unsigned int nbytes, unsigned int *retbytes);
int _pcos_readline(int did, const void *buffer,
                   unsigned int nbytes, unsigned int *retbytes);
int _pcos_new(unsigned short length, void **memory);
int _pcos_newsamesegment(unsigned short length, void **memory);
int _pcos_dispose(int length, void **memory);
int _pcos_drename(const char *from, int fromlen, const char *to,
                  int tolen);
int _pcos_dremove(const char *name, int namelen);
int _pcos_openfile(int did, const char *name, int namelen, int mode,
                   int extent_len);
int _pcos_close(int did);
int _pcos_ddirectory(const char *name, int namelen);
int _pcos_maxsize(unsigned short *maxsize);
int _pcos_search(int drive, int search_mode, int *length,
                  char **file_pointer, char *name_pointer);
void _pcos_selectcur(int mode);
void _pcos_cls(void);
int _pcos_crlf(void);
void _pcos_grfinit(int *color, void **pointer);
int _pcos_cleartext(unsigned int column, unsigned int row,
                    unsigned int xlen, unsigned int ylen);
int _pcos_scrolltext(unsigned int plane_mask, unsigned int function,
                     unsigned int src_x, unsigned int src_y,
                     unsigned int dst_x, unsigned int dst_y,
                     unsigned int xlen, unsigned int ylen);
int _pcos_bset(void *dest, unsigned char val, unsigned int len);
int _pcos_bwset(void *dest, unsigned short val, unsigned int len);
int _pcos_bclear(void *dest, unsigned int len);
int _pcos_bmove(void *dest, const void *src, unsigned int len);
int _pcos_dstring(char *string);
int _pcos_dhex(unsigned int word);
int _pcos_dhexbyte(unsigned char byte);
int _pcos_dhexlong(unsigned long byte);
int _pcos_dlong(unsigned long byte);
int _pcos_dnumw(unsigned int word, unsigned int field_width);
int _pcos_gettime(char *buf, unsigned int buflen);
int _pcos_getdate(char *buf, unsigned int buflen);
int _pcos_settime(char *buf, unsigned int buflen);
int _pcos_setdate(char *buf, unsigned int buflen);
int _pcos_lookbyte(int did, unsigned char *byte,
                   unsigned char *buffer_status);
int _pcos_chgwindow(unsigned int fgcolor, unsigned int bgcolor);
int _pcos_readcur0(cursor_shape *shape, unsigned int *blinkrate,
                   unsigned int *column, unsigned int *row);
int _pcos_readcur1(cursor_shape *shape, unsigned int *blinkrate,
                   unsigned int *x_pos, unsigned int *y_pos);
int _pcos_chgcur0(unsigned int column, unsigned int row);
int _pcos_chgcur1(unsigned int x_pos, unsigned int y_pos);
void _pcos_chgcur2(unsigned int blinkrate);
void _pcos_chgcur3(unsigned int blinkrate);
void _pcos_chgcur4(cursor_shape new_shape);
void _pcos_chgcur5(cursor_shape new_shape);
int _pcos_setcontrolbyte(int did, unsigned int word_number,
                         unsigned int word);
int _pcos_getstatusbyte(int did, unsigned int word_number,
                         unsigned int *word);
int _pcos_checkvolume(void);


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4.3 PCOS status codes

The status codes are taken from appendix 'E' (“SYSTEM ERRORS”) of the PCOS assembler language user guide (see ASSEMBLER Language User Guide). The descriptions of the codes are a verbatim copy from this document.
These status codes are returned by the PCOS system functions (see PCOS system functions).

sys/pcos.h has to be included in order to get access to the definitions of the status codes.

Name Value Description


PCOS_ERR_OK 0 success


PCOS_ERR_XXX 3 invalid termination of input byte stream


PCOS_ERR_MEM 7 out of memory


PCOS_ERR_INVADR 9 invalid listener or talker address


PCOS_ERR_NOIEEE 10 no IEEE board


PCOS_ERR_TO 11 time out error


PCOS_ERR_DATATYPE 13 bad data type


PCOS_ERR_NOWIN 35 window does not exist


PCOS_ERR_WINCREAT 36 window create error


PCOS_ERR_NOENT 53 file not found


PCOS_ERR_MODE 54 bad file open mode


PCOS_ERR_ALOPN 55 file already open


PCOS_ERR_EIO 57 disk i/o


PCOS_ERR_EEXIST 58 file aready exists


PCOS_ERR_NOTINIT 60 disk not initialized


PCOS_ERR_NOSPC 61 disk filled


PCOS_ERR_EOF 62 end of file


PCOS_ERR_REC 63 bad record number


PCOS_ERR_NAME 64 bad file name


PCOS_ERR_VNOENT 71 volume name not found


PCOS_ERR_INVVOL 73 invalid volume number


PCOS_ERR_VOLNOTEN 75 volume not enabled


PCOS_ERR_PASSWD 76 password not valid


PCOS_ERR_DCHG 77 illegal disk change


PCOS_ERR_WRPROT 78 write protected file


PCOS_ERR_CPPROT 79 copy protected file


PCOS_ERR_PARM 90 error in parameter


PCOS_ERR_TOOMPARM 91 too many parameters


PCOS_ERR_NOTFND 92 command not found


PCOS_ERR_NOTOPM 96 file not open


PCOS_ERR_BADLOAD 99 bad load file


PCOS_ERR_TIMDAT 101 time or date


PCOS_ERR_EXFN 106 function key already exists


PCOS_ERR_CALLUSR 108 call-user


PCOS_ERR_TO2 110 time-out


PCOS_ERR_INVDEV 111 invalid device


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4.4 PCOS open modes

The open modes are taken from page 8.15 of the PCOS assembler language user guide (see ASSEMBLER Language User Guide). They are passed to the _pcos_openfile function as mode parameter.

sys/pcos.h has to be included in order to get access to the definitions of the open modes.

Name Value


PCOS_OPEN_READ 0


PCOS_OPEN_WRITE 1


PCOS_OPEN_RDWRITE 2


PCOS_OPEN_APPEND 3


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4.5 PCOS DID defines

DID stands for “Device ID”. It's passed to many PCOS system functions to specify the device or file to operate on. See the did parameter in the function prototypes.
The DID codes are taken from appendix 'D' (“DEVICE ID (DID) ASSIGNMENTS”) of the PCOS assembler language user guide (see ASSEMBLER Language User Guide).

sys/pcos.h has to be included in order to get access to the definitions of the DID defines.

Name Value


DID_CONSOLE 17


DID_PRINTER 18


DID_COM 19


DID_COM1 25


DID_COM2 26


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4.6 Special characters

sys/pcos.h has to be included in order to get access to the definitions of the special characters.

Name Value Key


PCOS_CH_CURS_DOWN 154 Shift + keypad 2


PCOS_CH_CURS_UP 158 Shift + keypad 8


PCOS_CH_CURS_LEFT 155 Shift + keypad 4


PCOS_CH_CURS_RIGHT 157 Shift + keypad 6


PCOS_CH_DEL 8 Control + H


PCOS_CH_TAB 9 Control + I


PCOS_CH_DELCHR 4 Control + D


PCOS_CH_ESC 221


PCOS_CH_STOP 3 Control + C


PCOS_CH_EOL 13


PCOS_CH_ENTER 13


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4.7 Creating files with open()

When a file is created in PCOS (with the _pcos_openfile system function), a parameter (extend_len) is given which specifies how many sectors to preallocate for the file. The open() call doesn't have such a parameter, therefore the PCOS runtime library uses the value of a global variable for the numbers of sectors to preallocate. This variable is initialized to 4, but can be set by the user program prior to the open() call or by overriding it with its own define.

The sys/pcos.h file provides a definition of this variable:

  extern unsigned short _pcos_extent_length;


To override it globally within your program, the suggested method is to provide an initialized variable _pcos_extent_length in your program, e.g. like

  unsigned short _pcos_extent_length = value;
  int main(void)
  {
          ...
  }


You can also set it before each call to open (or fopen):

  _pcos_extent_length = other_value;
  fd = open(...);


Keep in mind that _pcos_extent_length is a global variable, therefore after an assignment to it all subsequent calls to open will use the last value assigned to it.


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5 The assembler

The assembler is the one from GNU binutils (see http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils). Please refer to its documentation for detailed information. This section will only outline the most important differences compared to the Zilog or Olivetti assemblers.
Some examples of assembly language programs can be found at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/misc/asm-snippets/binutils and in the runtime library source code (PCOS specific parts of the runtime library).

Note: The assemblers (both the PCOS and COFF versions) generate object files in COFF format. At link time the PCOS linker creates PCOS compatible executable files from the COFF input object file(s).


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5.1 Radix representation

Binary values are prefixed by “0b”, octal values are prefixed by “0”, and hexadecimal values are prefixed by “0x”. For example this source file, x.s:

          .z8001
          .text
          ld      r0,#12
          ld      r0,#0b0110
          ld      r0,#0x12
          ld      r0,#012
          .end


Assembling it with

  $ z8k-pcos-as -o x.o x.s


results in this object file:

  x.o:     file format coff-z8k
  
  
  Disassembly of section .text:
  
  00000000 <.text>:
     0:   2100 000c       ld      r0,#0xc
     4:   2100 0006       ld      r0,#0x6
     8:   2100 0012       ld      r0,#0x12
     c:   2100 000a       ld      r0,#0xa


(Use “z8k-pcos-objdump -d x.o” to view the disassembly.)


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5.2 Segment notation

The assembler doesn't know about the <<segment>> notation to indicate a segmented address. Segmented addresses are expressed as 32bit values (where the highest bit and the second byte of the address are ignored by the processor).

So in order to load the address of segment 2, offset 0x10 into the register RR2, use the following statement

          ldl     rr2,#0x02000010


instead of

          ldl     rr2,#<<2>>%10


(which is the equivalent syntax of the Olivetti assembler).


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5.3 Comments

Comments are prefixed by an exclamation mark (“!”), instead of an asterisk (“*”). Comments after an assembly statement in the same line in contrast to the Olivetti assembler also need a preceeding “!” character.


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5.4 Mixing C and assembly

This chapter describes how parameters are passed from C to assembly subroutines and how the results are returned.

Hint: If you are not sure about how the parameters of a given function are passed, compile the C program with the -S parameter and look at the generated assembly code to determine the exact locations of the parameters.

Another way to mix C and assembly is the inline assembler of the C compiler, see Inline assembly.


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5.4.1 Z8001


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5.4.1.1 Z8001 default calling convention

Registers R2 to R7 are used for parameter passing. The first argument to a function is passed in R7, the second in R6, and so on until R2. If more parameters are present than available registers, the remaining parameters are passed on the stack. char parameters consume a whole register (the lower part), therefore a function which has 2 char parameters uses R7 and R6 as input registers. long parameters consume 2 registers, RR6, RR4, or RR2. If the first parameter is a char, short, or int, and the second a long, R7 will be used for the first parameter and RR4 for the second. R6 will be unallocated in this case.

The return value of a function is passed in the R2 (char or int or short) or RR2 (long or pointers) register.

Registers R8 to R13 must be preserved by the called function.


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5.4.1.2 Z8001 “Standard” calling convention

The stack is used to pass parameters. The parameters are pushed on the stack starting from the rightmost parameter until the leftmost parameter. char parameters will be pushed as a word (16bit).

The return value of a function is passed in the R7 (char or int or short) or RR6 (long or pointers) register.

Registers R8 to R13 must be preserved by the called function.


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5.4.2 Z8002

This chapter will be provided in a future revision of this document.


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6 ldpcos - the PCOS linker

ldpcos is the only program of the toolchain which knows about the PCOS executable file format. All other programs (assembler, linker, archiver) operate on COFF format files. ldpcos uses the COFF linker (z8k-pcos-ld) and other tools (z8k-pcos-objdump and z8k-pcos-size) to build a COFF executable where the .text, .data, and .bss sections are adjacent15. From this COFF executable it then creates the PCOS executable by copying the sections and adding relocation information16.


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6.1 Command line switches

Start ldpcos without any parameters to get a list of available command line switches:

  $ ldpcos
  $Id: ldpcos.c,v 1.44 2006-11-30 23:09:20 chris Exp $
  (c) Copyright 2001-2006 Christian Groessler, GPL license
  Compiled at Jan 20 2009
  ldpcos: usage: ldpcos <options> <object files>
          options are:
                  -v              be verbose
                                  (use up to three times for more verbosity)
                  -f              fill bss with zeroes
                  -stack value    reserve additional stack space
                  -farentry       entry point is more than 256 bytes away
                  -o outfile      set output file name
                  -c configfile   specify config file name
                  -map mapfile    set map file name
                  -l linker       specify linker to use
                                  (z8k-pcos-ld)
                  -a assembler    specify assembler to use
                                  (z8k-pcos-as)
                  -b objcopy      specify objcopy program to use
                                  (z8k-pcos-objcopy)
                  -s size         specify size program to use
                                  (z8k-pcos-size)
                  -data value     specify start of data section
                                  for section size test (0xa000)
                  -bss value      specify start of bss section
                                  for section size test (0x4000000)
                  -save-temps     do not delete intermediate files
                  -sav            make a .sav file
                  -multi          create multiple memory load chunks
                                  (.text, .data, .bss)
                  -raw            don't create default PCOS program prologue
  $


Description of the individual command line switches:

-v
Displays information about the linking process. You can give it more than once in order to get increasingly more information.
-f
The .bss section is normally not part of the executable file. With this switch ldpcos will include it in the executable file. This switch is mainly useful for debugging purposes.
-stack
The stack size reserved for the program is 0x1DE (PCOS default), unless you specify a different size with this parameter. The C compiler's specs file will reserve 0x800 bytes for the stack using this switch. See Building the PCOS linker.
-farentry
ldpcos by default creates a PCOS conforming program prologue17. This prologue requires the program's entry point to be within the first 256 bytes of the program. If this isn't the case for the program at hand you can overcome this restriction with this command line switch. See Default PCOS program prologue.
-o
Specifies the name of the output file. Typically something like prog.cmd or prog.sav.
-c
Specify config file for linking. See Config file.
-map
Create a map file.
-l
-a
-b
-s
With these switches you can override the backend tools ldpcos is going to use. They default to z8k-pcos-ld, z8k-pcos-as, z8k-pcos-objcopy, and z8k-pcos-size. These switches are primarily useful for debugging.
-data
Only used for non “-multi” operation: When creating the initial executable which is used to size the different sections, use this value for the start of the .data section. The default value is 0xA000.
-bss
Only used for non “-multi” operation: When creating the initial executable which is used to size the different sections, use this value for the start of the .bss section. The default value is 0x4000000.
-save-temps
This switch tells ldpcos not to delete intermediate files which are created during the section size tests. Useful for debugging ldpcos.
-sav
Create a .sav file instead of a .cmd file. See .sav files.
-multi
Create multiple memory load chunks (.text, .data, .bss). Use this for programs which are bigger than 64K. See Big Programs.
-raw
Don't create default PCOS program prologue. See Default PCOS program prologue.


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6.2 Config file

The backend tools to be used and the program's description can be specified in a config file. The backend tools can also be specified with the -a, -b, -l, and -s command line switches. If one of these switches appears on the command line together with a config file which also overrides the same backend tool, the order in the command line is important. The last occurrence is the one which will finally be used.

  # Comment lines start with a "#"
  programid = "Hello World Rev. 1.0"
  objcopy = /bla/z8k-pcos-objcopy
  linker = z8k-pcos-ld.new
  getsize = /bla/z8k-pcos-getsize
  assembler = my-special-asm


Empty lines are ignored. All lines are optional, so a typical config file might look like

  # config file for hello world program
  programid = "Hello World Rev. 1.0"


The program description (the string specified by programid) is displayed when the program is loaded resident by use of the PLOAD PCOS command18. The program description is ignored when using the -raw switch. If there is no config file specified or no programid line in the config file, the description of the program defaults to “Executable generated by ldpcos $Revision: x.y $”, where x and y denote the major and minor version of ldpcos.


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6.3 .sav files

.sav executable files are kept in memory after the first run. ldpcos creates such a file if you give the -sav command line parameter. .sav files, after having been loaded, cannot be unloaded again. The system has to be rebooted in order to get rid of them. Therefore they are normally only used for device drivers or other low level system code. Regular (.cmd) programs can also be made memory resident by the use of the PCOS PLOAD command. But, different compared to .sav files, they can be unloaded again with the PUNLOAD command.


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6.4 Big Programs

By default ldpcos places all sections of a program (.text, .data, .bss) into one load segment. Since the Z8000 has 64K segments, this limits the total program size to 64K19. The -multi switch (for “multi”ple segments) puts each section into its own load segment. PCOS takes care of the loading and if the program size is less than 64K, the sections still may end up in the same Z8000 segment. But it allows programs to be as big as 192K, if each of the sections are 64K.
When using the -multi switch, the -data and -bss switches are ignored (with a warning). Reason is, that with multiple load segments ldpcos doesn't know the relative location of the .text, .data, and .bss sections (since they are allocated at program load time). Therefore PC relative addressing of items in the .data and .bss sections is not possible. The -data and -bss switches are used to fine tune the test link step of ldpcos in which it finds out the sizes of each section when doing a non-”multi” link.


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6.5 Default PCOS program prologue

ldpcos creates a program header as described at pages 2-31ff in the assembler language user guide (see ASSEMBLER Language User Guide). The program header's source code looks like this:

                  .z8001
                  .text
                  .globl  __entry
  
                  .word   0
  __entry:        jr      t,_start
  __program_id:   .asciz  "program identification string\r"
                  .end


This code snippet is compiled in the background and then linked as the first object file. The file starts with a 16 bit zero value indicating the type of the program. The next location (__entry) gets called by PCOS after loading the program. It jumps to a label called _start. This label is the start of the user program, see Assembler version of “Hello World” for an example.

Note the jr opcode in the first instruction at _entry. It requires the _start label to be not farer away than 256 bytes. If for some reason the entry point of the program is farer away, the -farentry command line switch to ldpcos lets it generate a slighty different prologue, as shown here:

                  .z8001
                  .text
                  .globl  __entry
  
                  .word   0
  __entry:        jr      t,__start
  __program_id:   .asciz  "program identification string\r"
                  .even
  __start:        jp      t,_start
                  .end


This one jumps over the program id string and then jumps with jp to the real entry point.

The program id string at __program_id comes from the programid line of the config file. If no config file or a config file with no programid line is specified, it's set to a default string (see Config file).

You can tell ldpcos to not generate a default program prologue by passing it the -raw command line switch. Then your program has to provide the program header itself. See Assembler version of “Hello World” (-raw version) for an example.


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7 Examples

This chapter contains some examples.


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7.1 Assembler version of “Hello World”

This is a simple assembler “Hello World” program:

  !
  ! simple hello world test by CPG
  !
                  .z8001
                  .data
  
  msg:            .asciz  "simple \"Hello World\" by CPG\r"
  
                  .text
                  .even
                  .globl  _start
  
  ! entered from PCOS (in fact, from the default program prologue)
  _start:         pop     r0,@sp            ! get # of command line args
  
  ! throw cmd line args from stack (see p.2-37 asm manual)
                  clr     r2
                  ld      r3,r0
                  sll     r3,#2
                  addl    sp,rr2
  
                  ldar    rr12,msg           ! address of message string
                  sc      #0x59              ! PCOS: DString
  
                  ret
  
                  .end


Please note that we have a .data and a .text section in this program. Also, the string to display (msg) ends with a \r character (end-of-line for PCOS). And you can include a '"' character in a string by “backslashing” it.

Let's compile it:

  $ z8k-pcos-as hello.s -o hello.o
  $ ldpcos -o hello.cmd hello.o
  hello.o:fake:(.text+0xe): relocation truncated to fit: r_rel16 against `msg'
  $


Oops, we've got an error. The problem is the ldar opcode which loads the address of msg into rr12. If we would write lda instead of ldar, it would work (try it!).
The reason is that ldpcos does a test link in order to find out the sizes of the different program sections (.text, .data, .bss). For this test it assumes the .data section to start at 0xA000 (.text starts at 0). Since the ldar opcode can only access data in the range of -0x8000..0x7FFF, the address of msg somewhere at 0xA000 is out of range.
But we know that in this program the size of the .text section is definitely nowhere near 0xA000. So we can tune ldpcos's size check by telling it that .data should start at e.g. 0x3000:

  $ z8k-pcos-as hello.s -o hello.o
  $ ldpcos -data 0x3000 -o hello.cmd hello.o
  $


No error, we have now a hello.cmd executable for the M20.


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7.1.1 Setting the program id string

When we load the previous program with the PCOS PLOAD20 command, we get

  1> pl hello.cmd
   Disk file name = hello.cmd
   Program name   = Executable generated by ldpcos $Revision: 1.33 $
   Operation Mode = Segmented / System
   Main entry = <0A>%D474; Init entry =  --None--
   Memory allocated:
      Block No. %0A; Starting address = <0A>%D472; Size = %0068
  1>


In order to have a more descriptive “Program name”, use the following config file (hello.cfg):

  ProgramID = "Simple \"Hello World\""


Compile with

  $ z8k-pcos-as hello.s -o hello.o
  $ ldpcos -data 0x3000 -c hello.cfg -o hello.cmd hello.o
  $


Loading it with PLOAD shows our new “program name”:

  1> pl hello.cmd
   Disk file name = hello.cmd
   Program name   = Simple "Hello World"
   Operation Mode = Segmented / System
   Main entry = <0A>%D490; Init entry =  --None--
   Memory allocated:
      Block No. %0A; Starting address = <0A>%D48E; Size = %004C
  1>


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7.2 Assembler version of “Hello World” (-raw version)

This is a modified version of the previous example, which doesn't use ldpcos' default program prologue, but provides its own:

  !
  ! simple hello world test by CPG (raw version)
  !
                  .z8001
                  .data
  
  msg:            .asciz  "simple \"Hello World\" by CPG\r"
  
                  .text
                  .even
  
  ! *** prologue start
                  .word   0
  ! entered from PCOS
                  jr      t,mystart
                  .asciz  "Simple \"Hello World\"\r" ! prog id string
                  .even
  ! *** prologue end
  
  mystart:        pop     r0,@sp     ! get # of command line args
  
  ! throw cmd line args from stack (see p.2-37 asm manual)
                  clr     r2
                  ld      r3,r0
                  sll     r3,#2
                  addl    sp,rr2
  
                  ldar    rr12,msg    ! address of message string
                  sc      #0x59       ! PCOS: DString
  
                  ret
  
                  .end


Compile with

  $ z8k-pcos-as helloraw.s -o helloraw.o
  $ ldpcos -raw -data 0x3000 -o hellor.cmd helloraw.o
  $


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7.3 Direct screen access (assembler)

The screen memory in the M20 is located at segment #3. This example “flickers” the screen by repeatedly writing all 0s and 1s to the screen memory bits. It assumes a monochrome display.

  !
  ! "flicker" the screen ten times
  !
  
          .z8001
          .text
          .even
          .globl  _start
  
  ! entered from PCOS (in fact, from the default program prologue)
  _start: pop     r0,@sp          ! get # of command line args
  
  ! throw cmd line args from stack (see p.2-37 asm manual)
          clr     r2
          ld      r3,r0
          sll     r3,#2
          addl    sp,rr2
  
  ! now the program's guts:
          ldl     rr6,#0x03000000 ! setup pointer to screen memory
                                  ! screen memory is in segment #3
          ldk     r4,#10          ! ten times
  
  loop:   clr     r0              ! fill with 0 (black)
          calr    fillscr
          calr    delay           ! short delay
          dec     r0,#1           ! fill with 255 (white)
          calr    fillscr
          calr    delay           ! short delay
          djnz    r4,loop
  
          ret
  
  ! subroutine: fill screen memory with value of rl0
  fillscr:ld      r5,#0x2000-1    ! screen memory (monochrome)
                                  ! is 16k in size, count in words
  
          ld      @rr6,r0         ! fill first word
          ldl     rr8,rr6
          inc     r7,#2           ! rr8 points to 2nd word of
                                  ! screen memory
          ldir    @rr6,@rr8,r5    ! fill the complete memory
          ret
  
  ! subroutine: small busy loop delay routine
  delay:  ldl     rr8,#0x20000
  deloop: djnz    r7,deloop
          djnz    r8,deloop
          ret
  
          .end


Compile with

  $ z8k-pcos-as flicker.s -o flicker.o
  $ ldpcos -o flicker.cmd flicker.o
  $


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7.4 Direct screen access (C)

This program does the same as the previous example, but now it's written in C (flicker.c):

  /*
   * "flicker" the screen ten times
   */
  
  /* pointer to screen memory, segment #3 */
  unsigned short *screen = (unsigned short *)0x3000000;
  
  /* fill screen memory with "value" */
  static int fillscr(unsigned short value)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < 0x2000; i++)
          *(screen + i) = value;
  }
  
  /* small busy loop delay routine */
  static void delay(void)
  {
      unsigned long i = 0x20000;
  
      while (i--)
          ;
  }
  
  int main(void)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
          fillscr(0);
          delay();
          fillscr(0xffff);
          delay();
      }
      return 0;
  }


Compile with

  $ z8k-pcos-gcc -o cflicker.cmd cflicker.c
  $


Try to add -O2 to the compiler switches in order to enable optimizations and compare it with the version without -O2. The difference in speed is noticeable! Also compare it with the assembler version.


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7.5 Direct screen access (C with assembler subroutine)

If you followed the last two examples, you've noticed that in order to get good performance, some parts of the program might need to be written in assembler. In this example we accelerate the C program of the previous example by providing an assembler implementation of the most time consuming function (fillscr()).

Here is the modified C source file (aflicker.c):

  /*
   * "flicker" the screen ten times (using an external
   * assembly language subroutine to fill screen memory)
   */
  
  /* fill screen memory with "value" */
  extern void fillscr(unsigned short value);
  
  /* small busy loop delay routine */
  static void delay(void)
  {
      unsigned long i = 0x20000;
  
      while (i--)
          ;
  }
  
  int main(void)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
          fillscr(0);
          delay();
          fillscr(0xffff);
          delay();
      }
      return 0;
  }


The definition of the fillscr() function has been removed and was replaced by an external declaration of it with the same parameters and return value.

This assembler source file provides the implementation of the new fillscr() function (aflicker.S):

  !
  ! fillscr() function to fill the screen memory with
  ! a given value
  !
  ! extern void fillscr(unsigned short value);
  !
          .z8001
          .text
          .even
          .globl  _fillscr
  
  _fillscr:
  
  #ifdef __STD_CALL__
          ld      r7,rr14(#4)     /* get "value" parameter */
  #else
  /*      ld      r7,r7           if not _STD_CALL__, first
                                  parameter is passed in r7 */
  #endif
  
  /* registers r0..r7 don't need to be preserved
   * across function calls
   */
          ldl     rr4,#0x03000000 ! setup pointer to screen memory
  
  ! fill screen memory with value of rl0
          ld      r1,#0x2000-1    ! screen memory (monochrome)
                                  ! is 16k in size, count in words
  
          ld      @rr4,r7         ! fill first word
          ldl     rr2,rr4
          inc     r5,#2           ! rr4 points to 2nd word of
                                  ! screen memory
          ldir    @rr4,@rr2,r1    ! fill the complete memory
          ret


Compile with

  $ z8k-pcos-gcc -O2 -o aflicker.cmd aflicker.c aflicker.S
  $


or with -mstd to use “standard call” calling convention

  $ z8k-pcos-gcc -mstd -O2 -o aflickerstd.cmd aflicker.c aflicker.S
  $


There are some points to note here:


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7.6 Direct screen access (C with inline assembly)

Instead of using a separate assembler source file one can use the inline assembler of the C compiler.

Here's a “flicker” version which uses inline assembly (ciflicker.c):

  /*
   * "flicker" the screen ten times (using inline
   * assembly for fillscr())
   */
  
  /* pointer to screen memory, segment #3 */
  unsigned short *screen = (unsigned short *)0x3000000;
  
  /* fill screen memory with "value" */
  static int fillscr(unsigned short value)
  {
      /* Scratch variables needed to assign the registers used
         by the inline assembly part. */
      unsigned short scratch0, scratch1;
      unsigned long scratch2, scratch3;
  
      __asm__ volatile ("ldl   %S3,%5         \n\t"
                        "ld    %H1,#0x2000-1  \n\t"
                        "ld    @%S3,%H4       \n\t"
                        "ldl   %S2,%S3        \n\t"
                        "inc   %I3,#2         \n\t"
                        "ldir  @%S3,@%S2,%H1  \n\t"
                        : "=r" (scratch0), "=r" (scratch1),
                          "=r" (scratch2), "=r" (scratch3)
                        : "0" (value), "m" (screen)
                        : "memory" );
  }
  
  /* small busy loop delay routine */
  static void delay(void)
  {
      unsigned long i = 0x20000;
  
      while (i--)
          ;
  }
  
  int main(void)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
          fillscr(0);
          delay();
          fillscr(0xffff);
          delay();
      }
      return 0;
  }


Please note the scratchX variables. They are used to allocate the registers used internally by the assembler routine. We could have written them explicitly, like 'ldl rr2,%5' instead of 'ldl %S3,%5' to load screen into rr2, but the compiler wouldn't know that we use rr2 inside the assembly block. This would be a problem if the compiler holds some value in rr2 which gets destroyed by the inline assembler code. With the usage of the scratchX variables the compiler takes care about the assignment of the registers and no register will change its value without the compiler's notice. When compiling with optimization enabled the scratchX variables also won't use any memory or stack space since they are not used afterwards.


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7.7 Read a byte from a port

This C program (pinb.c) with inline assembly displays the contents of an I/O port:

  /*
   * read a byte from a port and display it
   *
   */
  
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <limits.h>
  
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  {
      unsigned long portaddr;
      char *endptr;
      unsigned char value;
  
      if (argc != 2) {
          fprintf(stderr, "usage: pinb <port address>\n");
          return 1;
      }
  
      /* get port address */
      portaddr = strtoul(*(argv + 1), &endptr, 0);
      if (portaddr > 0xffff || *endptr) {
          fprintf(stderr, "invalid port address!\n");
          return 1;
      }
  
      printf("reading from port 0x%04lx (%lu)", portaddr, portaddr);
      if (! (portaddr & 1))
          printf("\t\tWARNING: even address!");
      printf("\n");
  
      __asm__ volatile (
          "inb %Q0,@%H1 \n\t" : "=r" (value)
                               : "r" ((unsigned int)portaddr));
  
      printf("Port value: 0x%02x  (%u)\n", value, value);
  
      return 0;
  }



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7.8 Write a byte to a port

This C program (poutb.c) with inline assembly writes a value to an I/O port:

  /*
   * write a byte to a port
   *
   */
  
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <limits.h>
  
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  {
      unsigned long portaddr;
      char *endptr;
      unsigned long value;
  
      if (argc != 3) {
          fprintf(stderr, "usage: poutb <port address> <value>\n");
          return 1;
      }
  
      /* get port address */
      portaddr = strtoul(*(argv + 1), &endptr, 0);
      if (portaddr > 0xffff || *endptr) {
          fprintf(stderr, "invalid port address!\n");
          return 1;
      }
  
      /* get value */
      value = strtoul(*(argv + 2), &endptr, 0);
      if (value > 0xff || *endptr) {
          fprintf(stderr, "invalid value!\n");
          return 1;
      }
  
      printf("writing 0x%02lx (%lu) to port 0x%04lx (%lu)",
             value, value, portaddr, portaddr);
      if (! (portaddr & 1))
          printf("\t\tWARNING: even port address!");
      printf("\n");
  
      __asm__ volatile (
          "push @sp,r7   \n\t"
          "ld r7,%H1     \n\t"
          "outb @%H0,rl7 \n\t"
          "pop r7,@sp    \n\t": : "r" ((unsigned int)portaddr),
                                  "r" ((unsigned int)value));
  
      return 0;
  }


You might be curious why this 'push @sp,r7' and 'pop r7,@sp' sequence is used, instead of a single line 'outb @%H0,%H1'.
The reason is that the compiler might allocate a register above r7 for value. This would generate an invalid byte register access (like e.g. 'rl11'). It's a deficiency of the inline assembler that it doesn't handle byte register restrictions correctly.


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7.9 Accessing the disk directory

The runtime library doesn't implement opendir and related functions. Nevertheless it's possible to read a disk's directory by means of direct PCOS calls. The following program prints a list of files on a disk.

  /*
   * dir.cmd -- display directory contents using
   *            PCOS system calls
   */
  
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <sys/pcos.h>
  
  char name_buf[32];  /* file name buffer */
  
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  {
      int retval;
      int length;   /* length of found filename */
      int rlength;  /* length of filename/search mask */
      char *search_name;
      char *file_pointer;
      int drive;
      int search_mode = 1;  /* search from beginning */
  
      if (argc > 2) {
          printf("usage: dir <filemask>\n");
          return 1;
      }
  
      /* if no argument given, search the default drive;
       * with argument, parse the drive number and use
       * the remainder of the string for the file mask
       */
      if (argc == 2) {
          if (*(*(argv + 1) + 1) == ':') {
              drive = **(argv + 1) - '0';
              if (strlen(*(argv + 1)) > 2) {
                  rlength = strlen(*(argv + 1)) - 2;
                  search_name = *(argv + 1) + 2;
              }
              else {  /* something like "0:" */
                  rlength = 0;
                  search_name = NULL;
              }
          }
          else {  /* no drive specified */
              drive = -1;  /* search default drive */
              rlength = strlen(*(argv + 1));
              search_name = *(argv + 1);
          }
      }
      else {
          drive = -1;  /* search default drive */
          rlength = 0;
          search_name = NULL;
      }
  
      /* search for files */
      while (1) {
          length = rlength;
          file_pointer = name_buf;
          retval = _pcos_search(drive, search_mode, &length,
                                &file_pointer, search_name);
          if (retval != PCOS_ERR_OK) break;
          search_mode = 0;   /* from now on search from the
                                last file found */
          name_buf[length] = 0;  /* zero terminate name */
          printf("found %s\n", name_buf);
      }
  
      if (retval != PCOS_ERR_NOENT) {
          printf("_pcos_search returned error %d\n", retval);
          return 1;
      }
  
      return 0;
  }


Compile with e.g.

  $ z8k-pcos-gcc -o dir.cmd dir.c
  $


The program accepts a command line argument which specifies the file mask to search. Some examples:

  1> dir
  1> dir *.cmd
  1> dir 0:ba*.cmd


The parsing of the command line is very simplistic. If the second character is a ':' the program assumes a mask which includes a disk drive and acts accordingly.

PCOS provides a system call to parse a file or volume name (DisectName, #96), but currently the runtime library doesn't implement an interface to this request.
_pcos_disectname will be available in a future release of the toolchain.


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8 The debugger

This chapter will be provided in a future revision of this document.


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9 Building from source


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9.1 Compiler and Assembler

The source release can be built for 2 different targets, PCOS and COFF. If you want to create programs for the M20 you only need the PCOS version. The COFF version is a more generic one and creates executables for the simulator (z8k-coff-run), but cannot create M20 PCOS files.


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9.1.1 Building for PCOS

Building the PCOS version is a two step process:


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9.1.1.1 Building GNU toolchain

The source code comes in the archive z8kgcc-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2. Extract the source code into a directory (from now on referred to as <srcdir>). Then create somewhere else a “build” directory (<builddir>). <instdir> indicates the directory where you want the compiler to be installed, and <archive location> refers to the directory where the downloaded z8kgcc-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2 file is located.

  $ mkdir <srcdir>
  $ cd <srcdir>
  $ bzip2 -dc <archive location>/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2 | tar -xf -
  $ mkdir <builddir>
  $ cd <builddir>


Then “configure” and build the toolchain:

  $ <srcdir>/src/configure --prefix=<instdir> --target=z8k-pcos \
  --enable-target-optspace
  $ make


--enable-target-optspace tells the configure machinery to compile the runtime library with -Os (optimize for size). This results in smaller programs which is normally good for a memory restrained system like the M20. But it's not needed for correct operation of the runtime library. So you can omit it if you wish.

After the compilation has finished, install the newly created programs:

  $ make install


The first step is done now.


Next: , Previous: Building GNU toolchain, Up: Building for PCOS
9.1.1.2 Building the PCOS linker

The source code comes in the archive ldpcos-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2. Extract the tar file and type "make" in the ldpcos/ldpcos directory. The defaults of the makefile are for a 32bit little endian machine which supports unaligned memory accesses. If your machine is different, adjust the "make" command line accordingly:

big endian:
$ make COPTS="-O2 -D_CPG_BIG_ENDIAN_"
64 bit system:
$ make COPTS="-O2 -D__64BIT__"
no unaligned:
$ make COPTS="-O2 -D_CPG_NO_UNALIGN_"


Combine as needed, e.g. for a 64bit big endian machine which supports unaligned accesses:

  $ make COPTS="-O2 -D__64BIT__ -D_CPG_BIG_ENDIAN_"


After successful compilation install the ldpcos executable as default linker for the C compiler:

  $ cp ldpcos \
  <instdir>/lib/gcc-lib/z8k-pcos/2.9-ecosSWtools-990319-m20z8k-3/ld


The destination path, especially the “2.9-ecosSWtools-990319-m20z8k-3” part might be different in newer versions of the tools. If you intend to use the assembler it is recommended to put ldpcos additionally into the bin directory:

  $ cp ldpcos <instdir>/bin



The last step is to adjust the default stack size of C programs. Edit the <instdir>/lib/gcc-lib/z8k-pcos/2.9-ecosSWtools-990319-m20z8k-3/specs file and add "-stack 0x800" to the link parameters.

Here's an example diff:

  --- specs       2009-01-22 22:28:09.000000000 +0100
  +++ specs.new   2009-01-22 22:28:00.000000000 +0100
  @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
  
  
   *link:
  -%{!mz8002:-m z8001}
  +%{!mz8002:-m z8001} -stack 0x800
  
   *lib:
   -lc


To illustrate the change, here are the contents of the link section of the specs file before the change:

  *link:
  %{!mz8002:-m z8001}


and these are the contents after the change:

  *link:
  %{!mz8002:-m z8001} -stack 0x800


This gives a default stack size of 2048 bytes. You can override the stack size at compilation time of your program with the -Wl,-stack,xxx command line parameter.

Caution: Don't skip this change (setting the stack size to at least 0x800 bytes), since the default stack size of PCOS programs (if not explicitly set by the PCOS linker) is less than 500 bytes, which is not sufficient for C programs. The runtime library needs more stack space, and if the stack overflows it will result in strange errors which are difficult to debug.


Previous: Building the PCOS linker, Up: Building for PCOS
9.1.1.3 PCOS specific parts of the runtime library

Most of the PCOS specific parts of the runtime library are in <srcdir>/src/newlib/libc/sys/z8kpcos and <srcdir>/src/newlib/libc/machine/z8k. The remaining parts are conditional defines in newlib's C code.


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9.1.2 Building for COFF

The source code comes in the archive z8kgcc-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2. Extract the source code into a directory (<srcdir>). Then create somewhere else a “build” directory (<builddir>). <instdir> indicates the directory where you want the compiler to be installed, and <archive location> refers to the directory where the downloaded z8kgcc-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2 file is located.

  $ mkdir <srcdir>
  $ cd <srcdir>
  $ bzip2 -dc <archive location>/z8kgcc-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2 | tar -xf -
  $ mkdir <builddir>
  $ cd <builddir>


Then “configure” and build the toolchain:

  $ <srcdir>/src/configure --prefix=<instdir> --target=z8k-coff
  $ make


Due to a problem in the compiler, the compilation will abort with an error when compiling md5.c of libiberty. Compile this file with “-O” instead of “-O2”:

  $ cd z8k-coff/std/libiberty


Redo the last failing command (compiling md5.c), but replace “-O2” with “-O” in the compilation parameters.

  $ <builddir>/gcc/xgcc ... -O ...
  $ cd ../../..
  $ make


After the compilation has finished, install the newly created programs:

  $ make install



Previous: Compiler and Assembler, Up: Building from source

9.2 Debugger

The source code comes in the archive z8kgdb-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2. Extract the source code into a directory (<srcdir>). Then create somewhere else a “build” directory (<builddir>). <instdir> indicates the directory where you want the debugger to be installed (typically the same location where the C compiler was installed), and <archive location> refers to the directory where the downloaded z8kgdb-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2 file is located.

  $ mkdir <srcdir>
  $ cd <srcdir>
  $ bzip2 -dc <archive location>/z8kgdb-jan-19-2009.tar.bz2 | tar -xf -
  $ mkdir <builddir>
  $ cd <builddir>


Then “configure” and build the debugger:

  $ <srcdir>/src/configure --prefix=<instdir> --target=z8k-pcos
  $ make


Replace --target=z8k-pcos with --target=z8k-coff to build the COFF version instead of the PCOS version. Use a different build directory for each version or clean the build directory before you build the other version. After the compilation has finished, install the newly created programs:

  $ make install



Previous: Debugger, Up: Debugger

9.2.1 m20stub.sav

This chapter will be provided in a future revision of this document.


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Appendix A Suggested Readings


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A.1 PCOS User Guide

The PCOS user guide can be found at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/doc/english/PCOS/M20_PCOS.pdf.
This is release 2.0 from March 1983.


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A.2 ASSEMBLER Language User Guide

The original Olivetti assembler language manual can be found at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/doc/english/PCOS_asm_refman/PCOS_asm_refman.pdf.
This is version 2.0 from March 1983, code 3987670 L(0).


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A.3 Olivetti M20 Hardware Manual

A copy of Olivetti's M20 hardware manual can be found at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/doc/english/hardware_manual/Olivetti_M20_Hardware_Manual.pdf.
This is the first edition from July 1983, code 4100630 W(0).


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A.4 Z8000 Technical Manual

A copy of Zilog's Z8000 technical manual can be found at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/doc/english/Z8000_tech_man/Z8000TechMan.pdf.


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A.5 Z8000 Programmer's Guide

A copy of Zilog's Z8000 programmer's guide can be found at ftp://ftp.groessler.org/pub/chris/olivetti/m20/doc/english/Z8000_prog_guide/Z8000_prog_guide.pdf.
This is an “Application Note” from Juli 1981.


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Appendix B Acknowledgements

I'd like to thank Davide Bucci for his proofreading and suggestions for improvements.

Thanks to Steve Chamberlain, who wrote the original support for Z8000 in binutils, gcc, gdb, and newlib.


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Appendix C Revision of this document

The document's revision is shown on the back side of the cover page. Look for the $Id$ line.


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Appendix D GNU Free Documentation License

Version 1.2, November 2002
  Copyright © 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
  51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA
  
  Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
  of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
  1. PREAMBLE

    The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

    This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.

    We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

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    The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  3. VERBATIM COPYING

    You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

    You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

  4. COPYING IN QUANTITY

    If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

    If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

    If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

    It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

  5. MODIFICATIONS

    You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

    1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
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    3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
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    5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
    6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
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    8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
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    10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
    11. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
    12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

    Copyright (C)  year  your name.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
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    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
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If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:

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If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.


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Index


Footnotes

[1] ftp://sources.redhat.com/pub/ecos/releases/ecos-1.2.1/ecosSWtools-990319-src.tar.bz2

[2] http://www.gnu.org/software/binutils

[3] http://sourceware.org/newlib

[4] z8kgcc-jan-19-2009-linux-fc9.tar.bz2

[5] z8kgcc-jan-19-2009-darwin-9-ub.tar.bz2

[6] z8kgcc-jan-19-2009-freebsd-7-0-x86.tar.bz2

[7] z8kgcc-jan-19-2009-netbsd-4-0-ppc.tar.bz2

[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COFF

[9] http://www.fsf.org

[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_Solutions

[11] z8k-pcos-gcc.1 is in ROFF format, use e.g. “groff -Tascii -man z8k-pcos-gcc.1” to view it in a human readable form.

[12] email address: chris@groessler.org

[13] Version 1.12, http://sourceware.org/newlib

[14] An example is provided in Accessing the disk directory

[15] This is done for non -multi links only. It's not needed for -multi links.

[16] ldpcos requires the linker (z8k-pcos-ld) from this distribution. A z8k-pcos-ld from the generic binutils release doesn't work, since it doesn't support the --pcos-relocs command line parameter to write out the relocation information.

[17] See pg. 2-28ff of the assembler language user guide (ASSEMBLER Language User Guide).

[18] See section 6 of the PCOS User Guide (PCOS User Guide).

[19] A bit less than 64K since PCOS requires some management data inside the segment.

[20] See section 6 of the PCOS User Guide (PCOS User Guide).